【RT-Thread学习笔记】如何优雅地退出QEMU模拟器? 相信很多人也跟我一样,刚接触RT-Thread不久,正在学习RT-Thread的路上,然而学习一款嵌入式实时操作系统,没有一个硬件开发板,在我之前的认知里面,这应该很难把RTOS的内核代码调试起来吧?
直到了解了RT-Thread,我才知道原来有QEMU模拟器这么个东西。
所以我很快就参考相关教程,把QEMU给装起来了,结合RT-Thread编译bsp的方法,很快我选择的qemu-vexpress-a9固件很快就编译出来了。
看了bsp目录下有好几个启动脚本:
bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ ls -al *.sh-rwxr-xr-x 1 recan system 168 Sep 6 10:43 qemu-dbg.sh-rwxr-xr-x 1 recan system 187 Oct 22 17:41 qemu-nographic.sh-rwxr-xr-x 1 recan system 166 Sep 6 10:43 qemu.sh
我逐个尝试,发现在我的环境下,只有./qemu-nographic.sh能够跑起来。
bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ ./qemu-nographic.sh qemu-system-arm: -no-quit is only valid for GTK and SDL, ignoring optionWARNING: Image format was not specified for 'sd.bin' and probing guessed raw. Automatically detecting the format is dangerous for raw images, write operations on block 0 will be restricted. Specify the 'raw' format explicitly to remove the restrictions.ALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'ALSA lib conf.c:4732:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directoryALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating stringsALSA lib conf.c:4732:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directoryALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating nameALSA lib conf.c:4732:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directoryALSA lib conf.c:5220:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directoryALSA lib pcm.c:2642:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM defaultalsa: Could not initialize DACalsa: Failed to open `default':alsa: Reason: No such file or directoryALSA lib confmisc.c:767:(parse_card) cannot find card '0'ALSA lib conf.c:4732:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_card_driver returned error: No such file or directoryALSA lib confmisc.c:392:(snd_func_concat) error evaluating stringsALSA lib conf.c:4732:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_concat returned error: No such file or directoryALSA lib confmisc.c:1246:(snd_func_refer) error evaluating nameALSA lib conf.c:4732:(_snd_config_evaluate) function snd_func_refer returned error: No such file or directoryALSA lib conf.c:5220:(snd_config_expand) Evaluate error: No such file or directoryALSA lib pcm.c:2642:(snd_pcm_open_noupdate) Unknown PCM defaultalsa: Could not initialize DACalsa: Failed to open `default':alsa: Reason: No such file or directoryaudio: Failed to create voice `lm4549.out' \ | /- RT - Thread Operating System / | \ 4.0.4 build Nov 5 2021 2006 - 2021 Copyright by rt-thread teamlwIP-2.1.2 initialized![I/sal.skt] Socket Abstraction Layer initialize success.[I/SDIO] SD card capacity 65536 KB.[I/SDIO] switching card to high speed failed!hello rt-thread 99, 991, 21, 21, 2msh />不过问题来了,我想重新编译源码,再次运行新的代码,怎么办呢?如何才能退出这个QEMU命令行控制台?
大家都知道,Linux退出一个控制台启动的程序,使用CTRL+C就可以把它退出来,我试了一下,发现它压根就不认CTRL+C,只是一直输出一些乱码符号。

既然CTRL+C不能,那我用killall-9xxx总可以吧?难不成你还能逃脱Linux内核对你的管控?
于是另开一个控制台,直接killall-9qemu-system-arm,结果一试,的确可以退出QEMU(连进程都退出来了)。
但是问题来了,退出QEMU之后,这个控制台感觉乱来了,我一瞧回车,它都不好好换行了,你看看!

这就很让人难受了,控制台没法用了,而且这个时候敲命令进去还不能回显,也不知道你敲对了没有,只好退出命令行,重新登入,控制台得以恢复。

上面的这种情况,显示是我不能接受的,这个我倒是想了一下,QEMU不可能不支持退出吧,会不会什么启动参数我搞错了,于是qemu-system-arm-h,找了几个看似跟这个问题相关的参数:
qemu-system-arm -h...-no-quit disable SDL window close capability...-no-reboot exit instead of rebooting...-no-shutdown stop before shutdown于是在qemu-nographic.sh添加来尝试:
if [ ! -f "sd.bin" ]; thendd if=/dev/zero of=sd.bin bs=1024 count=65536fiqemu-system-arm -M vexpress-a9 -smp cpus=2 -kernel rtthread.bin -nographic -sd sd.bin -no-shutdown -no-quit -no-reboot
运行之后,同样在另一个控制台使用killall-9qemu-system-arm退出,发现有的时候退出QEMU的控制台可以好好的,有的时候换行问题依然存在,没有找到规律,实在没办法,就不了了之了。
直到今天,我偶然翻到RT-Thread的官方文档,对RT-Thread Smart版本的介绍的时候,有一个章节是介绍使用QEMU模拟环境进行代码调试运行的,里面居然提到了如何退出QEMU!

Word天呐,那种感觉简直像是发现新大陆一样。 马上登入QEMU开发环境做测试,果然,操作竟是如此的丝滑,爽就一个字!

真的像是历史难题被解决的那种感觉。
第一感觉是不是RT-Thread的Finsh组件处理了这个CTRL+A,X? 于是找了Finsh的关键代码:
void finsh_thread_entry(void *parameter){ int ch; /* normal is echo mode */#ifndef FINSH_ECHO_DISABLE_DEFAULT shell->echo_mode = 1;#else shell->echo_mode = 0;#endif#if !defined(RT_USING_POSIX) && defined(RT_USING_DEVICE) /* set console device as shell device */ if (shell->device == RT_NULL) { rt_device_t console = rt_console_get_device(); if (console) { finsh_set_device(console->parent.name); } }#endif#ifdef FINSH_USING_AUTH /* set the default password when the password isn't setting */ if (rt_strlen(finsh_get_password()) == 0) { if (finsh_set_password(FINSH_DEFAULT_PASSWORD) != RT_EOK) { rt_kprintf("Finsh password set failed.\n"); } } /* waiting authenticate success */ finsh_wait_auth();#endif rt_kprintf(FINSH_PROMPT); while (1) { ch = (int)finsh_getchar(); if (ch < 0) { continue; } /* * handle control key * up key : 0x1b 0x5b 0x41 * down key: 0x1b 0x5b 0x42 * right key:0x1b 0x5b 0x43 * left key: 0x1b 0x5b 0x44 */ if (ch == 0x1b) { shell->stat = WAIT_SPEC_KEY; continue; } else if (shell->stat == WAIT_SPEC_KEY) { if (ch == 0x5b) { shell->stat = WAIT_FUNC_KEY; continue; } shell->stat = WAIT_NORMAL; } else if (shell->stat == WAIT_FUNC_KEY) { shell->stat = WAIT_NORMAL; if (ch == 0x41) /* up key */ {#ifdef FINSH_USING_HISTORY /* prev history */ if (shell->current_history > 0) shell->current_history --; else { shell->current_history = 0; continue; } /* copy the history command */ memcpy(shell->line, &shell->cmd_history[shell->current_history][0], FINSH_CMD_SIZE); shell->line_curpos = shell->line_position = strlen(shell->line); shell_handle_history(shell);#endif continue; } else if (ch == 0x42) /* down key */ {#ifdef FINSH_USING_HISTORY /* next history */ if (shell->current_history < shell->history_count - 1) shell->current_history ++; else { /* set to the end of history */ if (shell->history_count != 0) shell->current_history = shell->history_count - 1; else continue; } memcpy(shell->line, &shell->cmd_history[shell->current_history][0], FINSH_CMD_SIZE); shell->line_curpos = shell->line_position = strlen(shell->line); shell_handle_history(shell);#endif continue; } else if (ch == 0x44) /* left key */ { if (shell->line_curpos) { rt_kprintf("\b"); shell->line_curpos --; } continue; } else if (ch == 0x43) /* right key */ { if (shell->line_curpos < shell->line_position) { rt_kprintf("%c", shell->line[shell->line_curpos]); shell->line_curpos ++; } continue; } } /* received null or error */ if (ch == '\0' || ch == 0xFF) continue; /* handle tab key */ else if (ch == '\t') { int i; /* move the cursor to the beginning of line */ for (i = 0; i < shell->line_curpos; i++) rt_kprintf("\b"); /* auto complete */ shell_auto_complete(&shell->line[0]); /* re-calculate position */ shell->line_curpos = shell->line_position = strlen(shell->line); continue; } /* handle backspace key */ else if (ch == 0x7f || ch == 0x08) { /* note that shell->line_curpos >= 0 */ if (shell->line_curpos == 0) continue; shell->line_position--; shell->line_curpos--; if (shell->line_position > shell->line_curpos) { int i; rt_memmove(&shell->line[shell->line_curpos], &shell->line[shell->line_curpos + 1], shell->line_position - shell->line_curpos); shell->line[shell->line_position] = 0; rt_kprintf("\b%s \b", &shell->line[shell->line_curpos]); /* move the cursor to the origin position */ for (i = shell->line_curpos; i <= shell->line_position; i++) rt_kprintf("\b"); } else { rt_kprintf("\b \b"); shell->line[shell->line_position] = 0; } continue; } /* handle end of line, break */ if (ch == '\r' || ch == '\n') {#ifdef FINSH_USING_HISTORY shell_push_history(shell);#endif if (shell->echo_mode) rt_kprintf("\n"); msh_exec(shell->line, shell->line_position); rt_kprintf(FINSH_PROMPT); memset(shell->line, 0, sizeof(shell->line)); shell->line_curpos = shell->line_position = 0; continue; } /* it's a large line, discard it */ if (shell->line_position >= FINSH_CMD_SIZE) shell->line_position = 0; /* normal character */ if (shell->line_curpos < shell->line_position) { int i; rt_memmove(&shell->line[shell->line_curpos + 1], &shell->line[shell->line_curpos], shell->line_position - shell->line_curpos); shell->line[shell->line_curpos] = ch; if (shell->echo_mode) rt_kprintf("%s", &shell->line[shell->line_curpos]); /* move the cursor to new position */ for (i = shell->line_curpos; i < shell->line_position; i++) rt_kprintf("\b"); } else { shell->line[shell->line_position] = ch; if (shell->echo_mode) rt_kprintf("%c", ch); } ch = 0; shell->line_position ++; shell->line_curpos++; if (shell->line_position >= FINSH_CMD_SIZE) { /* clear command line */ shell->line_position = 0; shell->line_curpos = 0; } } /* end of device read */}
通读代码之后,发现它并没有处理这个CTRL+A,X输入,那么到底是谁接管了这个指令呢? 看到QEMU退出的时候,有提示``,这个关键字给了我线索,于是我开始怀疑是QEMU自己接管的这个命令,于是下面的一顿操作终于把它揪出来了。
bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ whereis qemu-system-armqemu-system-arm: /usr/bin/qemu-system-arm /usr/share/man/man1/qemu-system-arm.1.gzbsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-system-arm .bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ grep -rsn "Terminated"Binary file qemu-system-arm matchesbsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ hexdump -C qemu-system-arm | grep -n "Terminated"699798:00b2b4a0 4d 55 3a 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 64 0a 0d |MU: Terminated..|bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ hexdump -C qemu-system-arm > hexdump.logbsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ head -699797 hexdump.log | tail -1 00b2b490 73 20 68 65 6c 70 0a 0d 00 43 2d 25 63 00 51 45 |s help...C-%c.QE|bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$ head -699798 hexdump.log | tail -100b2b4a0 4d 55 3a 20 54 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 65 64 0a 0d |MU: Terminated..|bsp/qemu-vexpress-a9$
大致的流程就是对可执行文件qemu-system-arm进行grep检索,发现居然找到了Terminated这个关键log,证明这行退出的log正在qemu-system-arm打出来的,这也就从侧面证实了这个退出命令是被它接管了,并且处理了,然后才退出的。

这个问题真的困扰了我至少2个月,每次一用QEMU,我就吐槽这个问题,没想到居然还是RT-Thread的指导文档拯救了我。
所以啊,凡事先查查别人已经整理好的问题,真的会事半功倍!
各位老铁,RT-Thread的文档中心,给我撸起来!!!
架构师李肯
一个专注于嵌入式IoT领域的架构师。有着近10年的嵌入式一线开发经验,深耕IoT领域多年,熟知IoT领域的业务发展,深度掌握IoT领域的相关技术栈,包括但不限于主流RTOS内核的实现及其移植、硬件驱动移植开发、网络通讯协议开发、编译构建原理及其实现、底层汇编及编译原理、编译优化及代码重构、主流IoT云平台的对接、嵌入式IoT系统的架构设计等等。拥有多项IoT领域的发明专利,热衷于技术分享,有多年撰写技术博客的经验积累,连续多月获得RT-Thread官方技术社区原创技术博文优秀奖,荣获CSDN博客专家、CSDN物联网领域优质创作者、2021年度CSDN&RT-Thread技术社区之星、RT-Thread官方嵌入式开源社区认证专家、RT-Thread 2021年度论坛之星TOP4、华为云云享专家(嵌入式物联网架构设计师)等荣誉。坚信【知识改变命运,技术改变世界】!
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