最重要的一条规则
编写代码时最重要的一条规则是:检查周围的代码并尝试模仿它。
作为维护人员,如果收到的补丁明显与周围代码的编码风格不同,这是令人沮丧的。这是不尊重人的,就像某人穿着泥泞的鞋子走进一间一尘不染的房子。
因此,无论本文推荐的是什么,如果已经编写了代码并且您正在对其进行修补,请保持其当前的样式一致,即使它不是您最喜欢的样式。
这里列出了最明显和最重要的一般规则。在你继续阅读其他章节之前,请仔细检查它们。
使用C99标准
不使用制表符,而是使用空格
每个缩进级别使用4个空格
在关键字和左括号之间使用一个空格
在函数名和左括号之间不要使用空格
int32_t a = sum(4, 3); /* OK */int32_t a = sum (4, 3); /* Wrong */
不要在变量/函数/宏/类型中使用__或_前缀。这是为C语言本身保留的
对于严格的模块私有函数,使用prv_ name前缀
对于包含下划线_ char的变量/函数/宏/类型,只能使用小写字母
左花括号总是与关键字(for, while, do, switch, if,…)在同一行
size_t i;for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) { /* OK */}for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i){ /* Wrong */}for (i = 0; i < 5; ++i) /* Wrong */{}
int32_t a;a = 3 + 4; /* OK */for (a = 0; a < 5; ++a) /* OK */a=3+4; /* Wrong */a = 3+4; /* Wrong */for (a=0;a< 5;++a) /* Wrong */
func_name(5, 4); /* OK */func_name(4,3); /* Wrong */
static int32_t a; /* OK */static int32_t b = 4; /* OK */static int32_t a = 0; /* Wrong */voidmy_func(void) { static int32_t* ptr;/* OK */ static char abc = 0;/* Wrong */}
voidmy_func(void) { char a; /* OK */ char b; /* Wrong, variable with char type already exists */ char a, b; /* OK */}
i.自定义结构和枚举
ii.整数类型,更宽的无符号类型优先
iii.单/双浮点
intmy_func(void) { /* 1 */ my_struct_t my; /* First custom structures */ my_struct_ptr_t* p; /* Pointers too */ /* 2 */ uint32_t a; int32_t b; uint16_t c; int16_t g; char h; /* ... */ /* 3 */ double d; float f;}
/* OK */for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i)/* OK, if you need counter variable later */size_t i;for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) { if (...) { break; }}if (i == 10) {}/* Wrong */size_t i;for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) ...
voida(void) { /* Avoid function calls when declaring variable */ int32_t a, b = sum(1, 2); /* Use this */ int32_t a, b; b = sum(1, 2); /* This is ok */ uint8_t a = 3, b = 4;}
除了char、float或double之外,始终使用stdint.h标准库中声明的类型。例如,8位的uint8_t等
不要使用stdbool.h库。分别使用1或0表示真或假
/* OK */uint8_t status;status = 0;/* Wrong */#include bool status = true;
永远不要与真实相比较。例如,使用if(check_func()){…}
替换if (check_func() == 1)
总是将指针与空值进行比较
void* ptr;/* ... *//* OK, compare against NULL */if (ptr == NULL || ptr != NULL) {}/* Wrong */if (ptr || !ptr) {}
int32_t a = 0;...a++; /* Wrong */++a; /* OK */for (size_t j = 0; j < 10; ++j) {} /* OK */
总是使用size_t作为长度或大小变量
如果函数不应该修改指针所指向的内存,则总是使用const作为指针
如果不应该修改函数的形参或变量,则总是使用const
/* When d could be modified, data pointed to by d could not be modified */voidmy_func(const void* d) {}/* When d and data pointed to by d both could not be modified */voidmy_func(const void* const d) {}/* Not required, it is advised */voidmy_func(const size_t len) {}/* When d should not be modified inside function, only data pointed to by d could be modified */voidmy_func(void* const d) {}
/* * To send data, function should not modify memory pointed to by `data` variable * thus `const` keyword is important * * To send generic data (or to write them to file) * any type may be passed for data, * thus use `void *` *//* OK example */voidsend_data(const void* data, size_t len) { /* OK */ /* Do not cast `void *` or `const void *` */ const uint8_t* d = data;/* Function handles proper type for internal usage */}voidsend_data(const void* data, int len) { /* Wrong, not not use int */}
总是使用括号和sizeof操作符
不要使用变长数组。使用动态内存分配代替标准C malloc和自由函数,或者如果库/项目提供了自定义内存分配,使用它的实现
看看LwMEM,一个自定义内存管理库。
/* OK */#include voidmy_func(size_t size) { int32_t* arr; arr = malloc(sizeof(*arr) * n); /* OK, Allocate memory */ arr = malloc(sizeof *arr * n); /* Wrong, brackets for sizeof operator are missing */ if (arr == NULL) { /* FAIL, no memory */ } free(arr); /* Free memory after usage */}/* Wrong */voidmy_func(size_t size) { int32_t arr[size]; /* Wrong, do not use VLA */}
总是将variable与0进行比较,除非它被视为布尔类型
永远不要将布尔处理的变量与0或1进行比较。用NOT(!)代替
size_t length = 5; /* Counter variable */uint8_t is_ok = 0; /* Boolean-treated variable */if (length) /* Wrong, length is not treated as boolean */if (length > 0) /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */if (length == 0) /* OK, length is treated as counter variable containing multi values, not only 0 or 1 */if (is_ok) /* OK, variable is treated as boolean */if (!is_ok) /* OK, -||- */if (is_ok == 1) /* Wrong, never compare boolean variable against 1! */if (is_ok == 0) /* Wrong, use ! for negative check */
在头文件中总是包含带有extern关键字的c++检查
每个函数都必须包含doxygen-enabled注释,即使函数是静态的
使用英文名称/文本的函数,变量,注释
变量使用小写字母
如果变量包含多个名称,请使用下划线。force_redraw。不要使用forceRedraw
对于C标准库的包含文件,请始终使用<和>。例如,# include < stdlib.h >
对于自定义库,请始终使用""。例如,# include“my_library.h”
当转换为指针类型时,总是将星号与类型对齐,例如。uint8_t* t = (uint8_t*)var_width_diff_type
始终尊重项目或库中已经使用的代码风格
//This is comment (wrong)/* This is comment (ok) */
/* * This is multi-line comments, * written in 2 lines (ok) *//** * Wrong, use double-asterisk only for doxygen documentation *//** Single line comment without space before asterisk (wrong)*//* * Single line comment in multi-line configuration (wrong) *//* Single line comment (ok) */
voidmy_func(void) { char a, b; a = call_func_returning_char_a(a); /* This is comment with 12*4 spaces indent from beginning of line */ b = call_func_returning_char_a_but_func_name_is_very_long(a); /* This is comment, aligned to 4-spaces indent */}
每个可以从模块外部访问的函数都必须包含函数原型(或声明)
函数名必须小写,可以用下划线_分隔
/* OK */void my_func(void);void myfunc(void);/* Wrong */void MYFunc(void);void myFunc();
/* OK */const char* my_func(void);my_struct_t* my_func(int32_t a, int32_t b);/* Wrong */const char *my_func(void);my_struct_t * my_func(void);
/* OK, function names aligned */void set(int32_t a);my_type_t get(void);my_ptr_t* get_ptr(void);/* Wrong */void set(int32_t a);const char * get(void);
/* OK */int32_tfoo(void) { return 0;}/* OK */static const char*get_string(void) { return "Hello world!rn";}/* Wrong */int32_t foo(void) { return 0;}
/* OK */int32_t a;int32_t my_var;int32_t myvar;/* Wrong */int32_t A;int32_t myVar;int32_t MYVar;
voidfoo(void) { int32_t a, b; /* OK */ char a; char b; /* Wrong, char type already exists */}
voidfoo(void) { int32_t a; a = bar(); int32_t b; /* Wrong, there is already executable statement */}
int32_t a, b;a = foo();if (a) { int32_t c, d; /* OK, c and d are in if-statement scope */ c = foo(); int32_t e; /* Wrong, there was already executable statement inside block */}
/* OK */char* a;/* Wrong */char *a;char * a;
/* OK */char *p, *n;
结构名或枚举名必须小写,单词之间有下划线_字符
结构或枚举可以包含typedef关键字
所有结构成员都必须小写
所有枚举成员必须是大写的
结构/枚举必须遵循doxygen文档语法
在声明结构体时,它可以使用以下三种不同的选项之一:
1、当结构体仅用名称声明时,它的名称后不能包含_t后缀。
struct struct_name { char* a; char b;};
2、当只使用typedef声明结构时,它的名称后面必须包含_t后缀。
typedef struct { char* a; char b;} struct_name_t;
3、当结构用name和typedef声明时,它不能包含_t作为基本名称,它必须在它的名称后面包含_t后缀作为typedef部分。
typedef struct struct_name { char* a; char b; char c;} struct_name_t;
错误声明的例子及其建议的纠正:
/* a and b must be separated to 2 lines *//* Name of structure with typedef must include _t suffix */typedef struct { int32_t a, b;} a;/* Corrected version */typedef struct { int32_t a; int32_t b;} a_t;/* Wrong name, it must not include _t suffix */struct name_t { int32_t a; int32_t b;};/* Wrong parameters, must be all uppercase */typedef enum { MY_ENUM_TESTA, my_enum_testb,} my_enum_t;
/* OK */a_t a = { .a = 4, .b = 5,};/* Wrong */a_t a = {1, 2};
/* Function accepts 2 parameters and returns uint8_t *//* Name of typedef has `_fn` suffix */typedef uint8_t (*my_func_typedef_fn)(uint8_t p1, const char* p2);
每个复合语句必须包括左花括号和右花括号,即使它只包含1个嵌套语句
每个复合语句必须包含单个缩进;嵌套语句时,每个嵌套包含1个缩进大小
/* OK */if (c) { do_a();} else { do_b();}/* Wrong */if (c) do_a();else do_b();/* Wrong */if (c) do_a();else do_b();
/* OK */if (a) {} else if (b) {} else {}/* Wrong */if (a) {}else {}/* Wrong */if (a) {}else{}
/* OK */do { int32_t a; a = do_a(); do_b(a);} while (check());/* Wrong */do{/* ... */} while (check());/* Wrong */do {/* ... */}while (check());
if (a) { do_a();} else { do_b(); if (c) { do_c(); }}
if (a) do_b();else do_c();if (a) do_a(); else do_b();
/* OK */while (is_register_bit_set()) {}/* Wrong */while (is_register_bit_set());while (is_register_bit_set()) { }while (is_register_bit_set()) {}
/* Wait for bit to be set in embedded hardware unituint32_t* addr = HW_PERIPH_REGISTER_ADDR;/* Wait bit 13 to be ready */while (*addr & (1 < < 13)) {} /* OK, empty loop contains no spaces inside curly brackets */while (*addr & (1 < < 13)) { } /* Wrong */while (*addr & (1 < < 13)) { /* Wrong */}while (*addr & (1 < < 13)); /* Wrong, curly brackets are missing. Can lead to compiler warnings or unintentional bugs */
/* Not recommended */int32_t a = 0;while (a < 10) { . .. ... ++a;}/* Better */for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ++a) {}/* Better, if inc may not happen in every cycle */for (size_t a = 0; a < 10; ) { if (...) { ++a; }}
为每个case语句添加单个缩进
使用额外的单缩进break语句在每个case或default
/* OK, every case has single indent *//* OK, every break has additional indent */switch (check()) { case 0: do_a(); break; case 1: do_b(); break; default: break;}/* Wrong, case indent missing */switch (check()) {case 0: do_a(); break;case 1: do_b(); break;default: break;}/* Wrong */switch (check()) { case 0: do_a(); break; /* Wrong, break must have indent as it is under case */ case 1: do_b(); /* Wrong, indent under case is missing */ break; default: break;}
/* OK */switch (var) { case 0: do_job(); break; default: break;}/* Wrong, default is missing */switch (var) { case 0: do_job(); break;}
switch (a) { /* OK */ case 0: { int32_t a, b; char c; a = 5; /* ... */ break; } /* Wrong */ case 1: { int32_t a; break; } /* Wrong, break shall be inside */ case 2: { int32_t a; } break;}
/* OK */#define MY_MACRO(x) ((x) * (x))/* Wrong */#define square(x) ((x) * (x))
/* OK */#define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))/* Wrong */#define MIN(x, y) x < y ? x : y
/* Wrong */#define MIN(x, y) (x) < (y) ? (x) : (y)#define SUM(x, y) (x) + (y)/* Imagine result of this equation using wrong SUM implementation */int32_t x = 5 * SUM(3, 4); /* Expected result is 5 * 7 = 35 */int32_t x = 5 * (3) + (4); /* It is evaluated to this, final result = 19 which is not what we expect *//* Correct implementation */#define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))#define SUM(x, y) ((x) + (y))
typedef struct { int32_t px, py;} point_t;point_t p; /* Define new point *//* Wrong implementation *//* Define macro to set point */#define SET_POINT(p, x, y) (p)- >px = (x); (p)- >py = (y) /* 2 statements. Last one should not implement semicolon */SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4); /* Set point to position 3, 4. This evaluates to... */(&p)- >px = (3); (&p)- >py = (4); /* ... to this. In this example this is not a problem. *//* Consider this ugly code, however it is valid by C standard (not recommended) */if (a) /* If a is true */ if (b) /* If b is true */ SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */ else SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 *//* Evaluates to code below. Do you see the problem? */if (a) if (b) (&p)- >px = (3); (&p)- >py = (4); else (&p)- >px = (5); (&p)- >py = (6);/* Or if we rewrite it a little */if (a) if (b) (&p)- >px = (3); (&p)- >py = (4); else (&p)- >px = (5); (&p)- >py = (6);/* * Ask yourself a question: To which `if` statement `else` keyword belongs? * * Based on first part of code, answer is straight-forward. To inner `if` statement when we check `b` condition * Actual answer: Compilation error as `else` belongs nowhere *//* Better and correct implementation of macro */#define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { (p)- >px = (x); (p)- >py = (y); } while (0) /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop *//* Or even better */#define SET_POINT(p, x, y) do { /* Backslash indicates statement continues in new line */ (p)- >px = (x); (p)- >py = (y); } while (0) /* 2 statements. No semicolon after while loop *//* Now original code evaluates to */if (a) if (b) do { (&p)- >px = (3); (&p)- >py = (4); } while (0); else do { (&p)- >px = (5); (&p)- >py = (6); } while (0);/* Every part of `if` or `else` contains only `1` inner statement (do-while), hence this is valid evaluation *//* To make code perfect, use brackets for every if-ifelse-else statements */if (a) { /* If a is true */ if (b) { /* If b is true */ SET_POINT(&p, 3, 4);/* Set point to x = 3, y = 4 */ } else { SET_POINT(&p, 5, 6);/* Set point to x = 5, y = 6 */ }}
/* OK */#if defined(XYZ)#if defined(ABC)/* do when ABC defined */#endif /* defined(ABC) */#else /* defined(XYZ) *//* Do when XYZ not defined */#endif /* !defined(XYZ) *//* Wrong */#if defined(XYZ) #if defined(ABC) /* do when ABC defined */ #endif /* defined(ABC) */#else /* defined(XYZ) */ /* Do when XYZ not defined */#endif /* !defined(XYZ) */
文档化的代码允许doxygen解析和通用的html/pdf/latex输出,因此正确地执行是非常重要的。
/** * brief Holds pointer to first entry in linked list * Beginning of this text is 5 tabs (20 spaces) from beginning of line */statictype_t* list;
/** * brief This is point struct * note This structure is used to calculate all point * related stuff */typedef struct { int32_t x; /*!< Point X coordinate */ int32_t y; /*!< Point Y coordinate */ int32_t size; /*!< Point size. Since comment is very big, you may go to next line */} point_t;/** * brief Point color enumeration */typedef enum { COLOR_RED, /*!< Red color. This comment has 12x4 spaces offset from beginning of line */ COLOR_GREEN, /*!< Green color */ COLOR_BLUE, /*!< Blue color */} point_color_t;
函数的文档必须在函数实现中编写(通常是源文件)
函数必须包括简要和所有参数文档
如果每个参数分别为in或out输入和输出,则必须注意
如果函数返回某个值,则必须包含返回形参。这不适用于void函数
函数可以包含其他doxygen关键字,如note或warning
在参数名和描述之间使用冒号:
/** * brief Sum `2` numbers * param[in] a: First number * param[in] b: Second number * return Sum of input values */int32_tsum(int32_t a, int32_t b) { return a + b;}/** * brief Sum `2` numbers and write it to pointer * note This function does not return value, it stores it to pointer instead * param[in] a: First number * param[in] b: Second number * param[out] result: Output variable used to save result */voidvoid_sum(int32_t a, int32_t b, int32_t* result) { *result = a + b;}
/** * brief My enumeration */typedef enum { MY_ERR, /*!< Error value */ MY_OK /*!< OK value */} my_enum_t;/** * brief Check some value * return ref MY_OK on success, member of ref my_enum_t otherwise */my_enum_tcheck_value(void) { return MY_OK;}
/** * brief Get data from input array * param[in] in: Input data * return Pointer to output data on success, `NULL` otherwise */const void *get_data(const void* in) { return in;}
/** * brief Get minimal value between `x` and `y` * param[in] x: First value * param[in] y: Second value * return Minimal value between `x` and `y` * hideinitializer */#define MIN(x, y) ((x) < (y) ? (x) : (y))
在文件末尾留下一个空行
每个文件都必须包括文件的doxygen注释和后跟空行的简要描述(使用doxygen时)
/** * file template.h * brief Template include file */ /* Here is empty line */
每个文件(头文件或源文件)必须包含许可证(开始注释包括单个星号,因为doxygen必须忽略这个)
使用与项目/库已经使用的相同的许可证
/** * file template.h * brief Template include file *//* * Copyright (c) year FirstName LASTNAME * * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person * obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation * files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, * subject to the following conditions: * * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES * OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE * AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT * HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, * WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR * OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. * * This file is part of library_name. * * Author: FirstName LASTNAME */
头文件必须包含保护符#ifndef
头文件必须包含c++检查
在c++检查之外包含外部头文件
首先用STL C文件包含外部头文件,然后是应用程序自定义文件
头文件必须包含其他所有头文件,以便正确编译,但不能包含更多头文件(如果需要,.c应该包含其余的头文件)
头文件必须只公开模块公共变量/类型/函数
在头文件中使用extern作为全局模块变量,稍后在源文件中定义它们
/* file.h ... */#ifndef ...extern int32_t my_variable; /* This is global variable declaration in header */#endif/* file.c ... */int32_t my_variable; /* Actually defined in source */
不要把.c文件包含在另一个.c文件中
.c文件应该首先包含相应的.h文件,然后是其他文件,除非另有明确的必要
在头文件中不包含模块私有声明
头文件示例(示例中没有license)
/* License comes here */#ifndef TEMPLATE_HDR_H#define TEMPLATE_HDR_H/* Include headers */#ifdef __cplusplusextern "C" {#endif /* __cplusplus *//* File content here */#ifdef __cplusplus}#endif /* __cplusplus */#endif /* TEMPLATE_HDR_H */
审核编辑 黄宇
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