Most A/D converters require a clock source for operation. Some converters, such as the CS5101A, CS5102A, CS5501/3, and the CS5504/5/6/7/8/9 include an on-chip gate oscillator as shown in Figure 1. A Pierce-oscillator architecture is commonly used. It is constructed with either on-chip loading capacitors (C2 and C3 in Figure 1) or it may require off-chip loading capacitors (C4 and C5) depending upon the crystal frequency. The data sheet for the particular A/D converter should give instructions regarding the size of any external loading capacitors.