区块链
简述
POA Bridge是在两个以太坊链之间转移资产代币(原生和ERC20 / ERC677令牌)的解决方案。
资产代币通常有两个作用:
· 代币可以作为长期投资进行交易、交换或保存的用途。
· 可以在Dapp上进行使用代币(投票,抵押等)
这两种用途都需要不同的网络属性来实现最佳体验,货币使用可能需要强大的网络安全性和活跃性,以及访问大型资产网络以促进交易,而应用程序使用需要更快、更便宜的交易以获得更好的用户体验。
侧链和桥接器作为第2层可扩展性解决方案的一部分,并尝试解决可扩展性和UX问题,因为以太坊主网通常被认为太慢(15 tx / sec)而且gas费用过于昂贵不能为(游戏或社交应用程序)提供良好的用户体验。在这种情况下,一般流程如下:
· 用户在主链上购买代币
· 用户通过桥将他的代币转移到侧链(提示:代币锁定在主链上,在侧链上重新铸造)
· 用户以快速有效的方式使用代币。也许从其他用户那里赚取或送出一些代币
· 用户决定撤回侧链中的代币并通过桥接器将其传输回主链(在主链上解锁并在侧链上烧掉的代币)
· 用户在主链上出售他的代币
在本教程中,我们将学习如何在两个网络上部署代币(RinkeBy网络作为主链,POA Sokol作为侧链),部署并使用桥接器(ERC20 《》 ERC20)让用户资产从一个网络转移到另一个网络。
在开始之前,您需要在计算机上安装以下程序:
1. Git
2. NodeJS/NPM
3. Yarn
4. Docker and Docker-Compose
5. Metamask
6. Truffle
$ npm install -g truffle
$ truffle version
Truffle v5.0.20 (core: 5.0.20)
Solidity v0.5.0 (solc-js)
Node v8.15.1
Web3.js v1.0.0-beta.37
步骤1:在主链(Rinkeby网络)上部署名为BRidge Token BRT的ERC20令牌
1、让我们首先为我们的ERC20 BRT创建一个项目文件夹并初始化一个Truffle项目。
$ mkdir token
$ cd token
$ truffle init
2、然后我们将安装Open-Zeppelin Solidity库,其中经过充分测试和审计的可重用智能合约。
$ npm init -y
$ npm install openzeppelin-solidity --save-exact
3、创建一个包含的合同文件。/contacts/BridgeToken.sol
// BridgeToken.sol
pragma solidity ^0.5.8;
import “openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Mintable.sol”;
contract BridgeToken is ERC20Mintable {
string public constant name = “Bridge Token”;
string public constant symbol = “BRT”;
uint8 public constant decimals = 18;
}
要确保您的智能合约编译,您可以执行命令truffle compile。
4、在RinkeBy网络上部署智能合约
注意:确保用于部署合同的帐户由RinkeBy ethers资助。
我们的智能合约编译完成,我们就需要部署它。为此,我们首先需要完成脚本迁移,创建一个文件。/migrations/2_deploy_contract.js
// 2_deploy_contract.js
const BridgeToken = artifacts.require(“。/BridgeToken.sol”);
module.exports = function(deployer, network, accounts) {
// Deploy the smart contract
deployer.deploy(BridgeToken, {from: accounts[0]}).then(function(instance) {
// Mint 100 tokens
return instance.mint(accounts[0], web3.utils.toBN(“100000000000000000000”), {from: accounts[0]});
});
};
脚本迁移后并部署合约,另外还创建了100个BRT代币并将其分发到部署者帐户。
下一步包括配置到rinkeby网络的连接,以便部署智能合约。
安装以下依赖项(dotenv用于管理环境变量,而truffle-hdwallet-provider用于从来自助记符的帐户签署事务)
$ npm install --save dotenv truffle-hdwallet-provider
创建一个文件。/.env来存储一些私人信息,我们不想在任何地方共享(gitignore这个文件)
· infura是以太坊的公共门户。如果您还没有帐户,我建议您创建一个帐户,并在此文件中跳过您的API密钥(项目ID)。
· 助记符是12个单词组成的短语,象征着一把私钥。 你可以在Metamask中找到它。
// .env
INFURA_API_KEY=044443611111111e19e03433333309923
MNEMONIC=twelve words you can find in metamask/settings/reveal seed words
最后,让我们配置与RinkeBy网络的连接。编辑文件。/truffle.js
// truffle.js
require(‘dotenv’).config();
const HDWalletProvider = require(“truffle-hdwallet-provider”);
module.exports = {
networks: {
development: {
host: “localhost”,
port: 8545,
network_id: “*”
},
rinkeby: {
provider: new HDWalletProvider(process.env.MNEMONIC, “https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/” + process.env.INFURA_API_KEY),
network_id: 4,
gas: 4500000
}
}
};
要在rinkeby网络上部署智能合约,请运行命令(这可能需要一段时间):
$ truffle migrate --network rinkeby
Compiling your contracts.。.
===========================
》 Compiling 。/contracts/BridgeToken.sol
》 Compiling 。/contracts/Migrations.sol
》 Compiling openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/access/Roles.sol
》 Compiling openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/access/roles/MinterRole.sol
》 Compiling openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/math/SafeMath.sol
》 Compiling openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20.sol
》 Compiling openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/ERC20Mintable.sol
》 Compiling openzeppelin-solidity/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol
》 Artifacts written to /home/gjeanmart/workspace/tutorials/bridge_token/build/contracts
》 Compiled successfully using:
- solc: 0.5.8+commit.23d335f2.Emscripten.clang
Migrations dry-run (simulation)
===============================
》 Network name: ‘rinkeby-fork’
》 Network id: 4
》 Block gas limit: 0x7244c0
1_initial_migration.js
======================
Deploying ‘Migrations’
----------------------
》 block number: 4502550
》 block timestamp: 1559667907
》 account: 0xF0f15Cedc719B5A55470877B0710d5c7816916b1
》 balance: 33.578282390129999997
》 gas used: 246393
》 gas price: 2 gwei
》 value sent: 0 ETH
》 total cost: 0.000492786 ETH
-------------------------------------
》 Total cost: 0.000492786 ETH
2_deploy_contract.js
====================
Deploying ‘BridgeToken’
-----------------------
》 block number: 4502552
》 block timestamp: 1559667919
》 account: 0xe9B0E206C8cA079bca49F0120abfD02760093612
》 balance: 99.996785462
》 gas used: 1607269
》 gas price: 2 gwei
》 value sent: 0 ETH
》 total cost: 0.003214538 ETH
-------------------------------------
》 Total cost: 0.003214538 ETH
Summary
=======
》 Total deployments: 2
》 Final cost: 0.003707324 ETH
Starting migrations.。.
======================
》 Network name: ‘rinkeby’
》 Network id: 4
》 Block gas limit: 0x724802
1_initial_migration.js
======================
Deploying ‘Migrations’
----------------------
》 transaction hash: 0x44dbbf18d316adb29143d1b3341c1e28b297d144411ee98cb23017270f77b9ed
》 Blocks: 1 Seconds: 9
》 contract address: 0xAC96dc3AC9baB86c7d89a5868096394CB708a6a0
》 block number: 4502551
》 block timestamp: 1559667943
》 account: 0xF0f15Cedc719B5A55470877B0710d5c7816916b1
》 balance: 33.573547316129999997
》 gas used: 261393
》 gas price: 20 gwei
》 value sent: 0 ETH
》 total cost: 0.00522786 ETH
》 Saving migration to chain.
》 Saving artifacts
-------------------------------------
》 Total cost: 0.00522786 ETH
2_deploy_contract.js
====================
Deploying ‘BridgeToken’
-----------------------
》 transaction hash: 0x80dc122178131cbd040e90b667cc1d11a47d21abf8ebf17c80232b1c4c5f33df
》 Blocks: 2 Seconds: 21
》 contract address: 0x40A6a864133985E1146DDfEb48c7391CD07596F5
》 block number: 4502554
》 block timestamp: 1559667988
》 account: 0xF0f15Cedc719B5A55470877B0710d5c7816916b1
》 balance: 33.540261476129999997
》 gas used: 1622269
》 gas price: 20 gwei
》 value sent: 0 ETH
》 total cost: 0.03244538 ETH
》 Saving migration to chain.
》 Saving artifacts
-------------------------------------
》 Total cost: 0.03244538 ETH
Summary
=======
》 Total deployments: 2
》 Final cost: 0.03767324 ETH
因此,我们可以将我们的智能合约BridgeToken标识为已部署在地址0x40A6a864133985E1146DDfEb48c7391CD07596F5(请参阅block explorer)
步骤2:初始化monorepo令牌桥
在第二步中,我们将初始化GitHub mono-repository,以便按以下步骤安装每个组件。
1、复制repo
$ cd 。./
$ git clone --recursive https://github.com/poanetwork/tokenbridge
$ cd 。/tokenbridge/
2、安装依赖项
$ yarn install && yarn install:deploy
步骤3:配置和部署网桥合约
在第三步中,我们将部署必要的合约以启用ERC20到ERC20网桥。
1、转到合约文件夹
$ cd 。/contracts/
2、编译智能合约
$ npm run compile
在。/deploy/.env中创建配置文件
注1:要更改以下属性
《PRIVATE_KEY》负责部署,管理合同和验证转移的帐户
《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》负责部署,管理合同和验证转移的帐户。
《ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS》上面部署的ERC20令牌的地址。
注2:出于本教程的原因,我们决定尽可能简化配置(一个帐户管理和验证)
注3:确保账户ACCOUNT_ADMIN由RinkeBy ethers和POA Sokol ethers资助。
注4:未配置区块奖励(奖励令牌)。
BRIDGE_MODE=ERC_TO_ERC
#BRIDGE_MODE=NATIVE_TO_ERC
# If Home network does not support byzantium fork, should use contracts compiled for spuriousDragon
#HOME_EVM_VERSION=spuriousDragon
# If Foreign network does not support byzantium fork, should use contracts compiled for spuriousDragon
#FOREIGN_EVM_VERSION=spuriousDragon
DEPLOYMENT_ACCOUNT_PRIVATE_KEY=《PRIVATE_KEY》
DEPLOYMENT_GAS_LIMIT_EXTRA=0.2
HOME_DEPLOYMENT_GAS_PRICE=10000000000
FOREIGN_DEPLOYMENT_GAS_PRICE=10000000000
GET_RECEIPT_INTERVAL_IN_MILLISECONDS=3000
BRIDGEABLE_TOKEN_NAME=“Bridge Token”
BRIDGEABLE_TOKEN_SYMBOL=BRT
BRIDGEABLE_TOKEN_DECIMALS=18
HOME_RPC_URL=https://sokol.poa.network
HOME_BRIDGE_OWNER=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
HOME_VALIDATORS_OWNER=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
HOME_UPGRADEABLE_ADMIN=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
HOME_DAILY_LIMIT=30000000000000000000000000
HOME_MAX_AMOUNT_PER_TX=1500000000000000000000000
HOME_MIN_AMOUNT_PER_TX=500000000000000000
HOME_REQUIRED_BLOCK_CONFIRMATIONS=1
HOME_GAS_PRICE=1000000000
BLOCK_REWARD_ADDRESS=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
FOREIGN_RPC_URL=https://rinkeby.infura.io
FOREIGN_BRIDGE_OWNER=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
FOREIGN_VALIDATORS_OWNER=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
FOREIGN_UPGRADEABLE_ADMIN=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
FOREIGN_DAILY_LIMIT=15000000000000000000000000
FOREIGN_MAX_AMOUNT_PER_TX=750000000000000000000000
FOREIGN_MIN_AMOUNT_PER_TX=500000000000000000
FOREIGN_REQUIRED_BLOCK_CONFIRMATIONS=8
FOREIGN_GAS_PRICE=10000000000
#for bridge erc_to_erc and erc_to_native mode
ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS=《ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS》
# Only for for erc_to_erc mode
ERC20_EXTENDED_BY_ERC677=false
REQUIRED_NUMBER_OF_VALIDATORS=1
#If several validators are used, list them separated by space without quotes
#E.g. VALIDATORS=0x 0x 0x
VALIDATORS=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
#Set to ONE_DIRECTION or BOTH_DIRECTIONS if fee will be charged on home side, set to false otherwise
HOME_REWARDABLE=false
# Valid only for rewards on erc_to_native mode. Supported values are BRIDGE_VALIDATORS_REWARD and POSDAO_REWARD
HOME_FEE_MANAGER_TYPE=
#Set to ONE_DIRECTION or BOTH_DIRECTIONS if fee will be charged on foreign side, set to false otherwise
FOREIGN_REWARDABLE=false
#If HOME_REWARDABLE or FOREIGN_REWARDABLE set to true, list validators accounts were rewards should be transferred separated by space without quotes
#E.g. VALIDATORS_REWARD_ACCOUNTS=0x 0x 0x
VALIDATORS_REWARD_ACCOUNTS=0x
# Fee to be taken for every transaction directed from the Home network to the Foreign network
# E.g. 0.1% fee
HOME_TRANSACTIONS_FEE=0.001
# Fee to be taken for every transaction directed from the Foreign network to the Home network
FOREIGN_TRANSACTIONS_FEE=0.001
#for bridge native_to_erc, erc_to_erc mode
DEPLOY_REWARDABLE_TOKEN=false
DPOS_STAKING_ADDRESS=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
4、部署Bridge配置
$ 。/deploy.sh
(。..)
Deployment has been completed.
[ Home ] HomeBridge: 0xc4e7cA947521f331969e41CC7c99ADa22F2C7F9C at block 9044640
[ Home ] ERC677 Bridgeable Token: 0xEa3acD04DdaF1F1A5Ae1B9f5f690123aA4E19B36
[ Foreign ] ForeignBridge: 0xeb2dbC5AB9380A3517AcA9d8CA0c39873e569a93 at block 4503560
[ Foreign ] ERC20 Token: 0x40A6a864133985E1146DDfEb48c7391CD07596F5
Contracts Deployment have been saved to `bridgeDeploymentResults.json`
{
“homeBridge”: {
“address”: “0xc4e7cA947521f331969e41CC7c99ADa22F2C7F9C”,
“deployedBlockNumber”: 9044640,
“erc677”: {
“address”: “0xEa3acD04DdaF1F1A5Ae1B9f5f690123aA4E19B36”
}
},
“foreignBridge”: {
“address”: “0xeb2dbC5AB9380A3517AcA9d8CA0c39873e569a93”,
“deployedBlockNumber”: 4503560
}
}
步骤4:配置和部署网桥Oracle
1、转到“Oracle文件夹”
$ cd 。./oracle
2、在。/.env中创建配置文件
注意1:打开保存的JSON文件bridgeDeploymentResults.json以获取本地和外部桥接合约地址和部署区块编号。
{
“homeBridge”: {
“address”: “0xc4e7cA947521f331969e41CC7c99ADa22F2C7F9C”,
“deployedBlockNumber”: 9044640,
“erc677”: {
“address”: “0xEa3acD04DdaF1F1A5Ae1B9f5f690123aA4E19B36”
}
},
“foreignBridge”: {
“address”: “0xeb2dbC5AB9380A3517AcA9d8CA0c39873e569a93”,
“deployedBlockNumber”: 4503560
}
}
注2:要更改以下属性
《PRIVATE_KEY》负责部署,管理合同和验证转移的帐户
《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》负责部署,管理合同和验证转移的帐户
《ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS》上面部署的ERC20令牌的地址。
注3:出于本教程的原因,我们决定尽可能简化配置(一个帐户管理和验证)
注意4:确保帐户ACCOUNT_ADMIN由RinkeBy ethers和POA sokol ethers资助。
BRIDGE_MODE=ERC_TO_ERC
HOME_POLLING_INTERVAL=5000
FOREIGN_POLLING_INTERVAL=1000
ALLOW_HTTP=yes
HOME_RPC_URL=https://sokol.poa.network
FOREIGN_RPC_URL=https://rinkeby.infura.io
HOME_BRIDGE_ADDRESS=《bridgeDeploymentResults.json / homeBridge / address》
FOREIGN_BRIDGE_ADDRESS=《bridgeDeploymentResults.json / foreignBridge / address》
ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS=《ERC20_TOKEN_ADDRESS》
VALIDATOR_ADDRESS=《ACCOUNT_ADMIN》
VALIDATOR_ADDRESS_PRIVATE_KEY=《PRIVATE_KEY》
HOME_GAS_PRICE_ORACLE_URL=https://gasprice.poa.network/
HOME_GAS_PRICE_SPEED_TYPE=standard
HOME_GAS_PRICE_FALLBACK=1000000000
HOME_GAS_PRICE_UPDATE_INTERVAL=600000
FOREIGN_GAS_PRICE_ORACLE_URL=https://gasprice.poa.network/
FOREIGN_GAS_PRICE_SPEED_TYPE=standard
FOREIGN_GAS_PRICE_FALLBACK=1000000000
FOREIGN_GAS_PRICE_UPDATE_INTERVAL=600000
QUEUE_URL=amqp://rabbit
REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379
REDIS_LOCK_TTL=1000
HOME_START_BLOCK=《bridgeDeploymentResults.json / homeBridge / deployedBlockNumber》
FOREIGN_START_BLOCK=《bridgeDeploymentResults.json / foreignBridge / deployedBlockNumber》
LOG_LEVEL=info
MAX_PROCESSING_TIME=20000
3、构建并运行Bridge Oracle(使用Docker和Docker Compose)
这个Docker包由Reddit数据库、Rabbit MQ代理和Nodejs Workers组成。
$ docker-compose up --build
使用标志-d在后台运行Bridge Oracle(守护进程)
步骤5:配置和部署桥UI
最后一步是部署用户界面以在侧链和主链之间传输daibi 。
1、定位到文件夹ui
$ cd 。./ui
2、在。/.env中创建配置文件
注意1:打开保存的JSON文件bridgeDeploymentResults.json以获取本地和外部桥接合约地址和部署区块编号。
{
“homeBridge”: {
“address”: “0xc4e7cA947521f331969e41CC7c99ADa22F2C7F9C”,
“deployedBlockNumber”: 9044640,
“erc677”: {
“address”: “0xEa3acD04DdaF1F1A5Ae1B9f5f690123aA4E19B36”
}
},
“foreignBridge”: {
“address”: “0xeb2dbC5AB9380A3517AcA9d8CA0c39873e569a93”,
“deployedBlockNumber”: 4503560
}
}
REACT_APP_HOME_BRIDGE_ADDRESS=《bridgeDeploymentResults.json / homeBridge / address》
REACT_APP_FOREIGN_BRIDGE_ADDRESS=《bridgeDeploymentResults.json / foreignBridge / address》
REACT_APP_HOME_HTTP_PARITY_URL=https://sokol.poa.network
REACT_APP_FOREIGN_HTTP_PARITY_URL=https://rinkeby.infura.io/mew
3、运行网桥UI
$ npm start
打开您的Internet浏览器,使用用于部署BRT代币的帐户解锁Rinkeby网络上的Metamask,然后转到http:// localhost:3000 /
如果您在Rinkeby网络上,您应该看到您在主链(Rinkeby)上拥有100个BRT代币,在侧链(Poa Sokol)上拥有0个BR代币。
您现在可以在主链和侧链之间传输BRT代币:
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