Mobile Generations 1st generation systems, analog • NMT, AMPS, TACS 2nd generation systems, digital • GSM, IS-136 TDMA, IS-95 CDMA, PDC 3rd generation systems, digital wide band • WCDMA standards have been prepared by ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TIA (USA),... • 3GPP1 is a joint project that combines all proposals into one standard • Harmonized standard includes three modes • Direct sequence mode based on 3GPP (UTRA2/FDD) • Multi carrier mode based on CDMA2000 (USA proposal) • TDD mode based on 3GPP (UTRA/TDD)