The effectiveness of in-circuit test (ICT) was never chal- lenged for the past 20 years of its reign as the center of printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) test strategy for many electronics manufacturers. However, the reign of ICT on the manufacturing fl oor is facing growing threat with the increasing popularity of low voltage differential signaling (LVDS) integrated circuits used for high speed differential signaling, and ball grid array (BGA) devices. And as pin counts increase to try and keep up with Moore’s Law predicting that the number of transistors in the integrated circuit will double every two years, ICT capabilities will be stretched even further.