To produce a full-scale output of +4 V, a gain ´40 is used, adjustable by ±5% to absorb the tolerance in the sense resistor. There is sufficient headroom to allow at least a 10% overrange (to +4.4 V). The roughly triangular voltage across the sense resistor is averaged by a single-pole low-pass filter, here set with a corner frequency of fC = 3.6 Hz, which provides about 30 dB of attenuation at 100 Hz. A higher rate of attenuation can be obtained by a two-pole filter having fC = 20 Hz, as shown in Figure 11. Although this circuit uses two separate capacitors, the total capacitance is less than half that needed for the single-pole filter.