Transmission Line Terminations--It’s The End That Counts!In previous articles1 I have pointed out that signals propagating down a trace reflect off the far end and travel back toward the source. These reflections can cause noise, and therefore signal integrity problems. These reflections can be controlled if we design our traces to look like transmission lines. Then, for “long” traces (those longer than the critical length) we can control reflections using transmission line termination techniques. This paper describes the five most common types of termination techniques used on printed circuit boards.