The most general approach to evaluating the time domain response of any electromagnetic system is to solve Maxwell’s equations in the time domain. Such a procedure would take into account all the effects of the system geometry and electrical properties, including transmission line effects. However, this would be rather involved for even a simple connector and even more complicated for a structure such as a multilayer high-speed backplane. For this reason, various test and measurement methods have been used to assist the electrical engineer in analyzing signal integrity.