The thickness of gate oxide in advanced CMOS technologies has
been scaled down to improve circuit operating speed. However,
the I/O circuits must drive or receive high-voltage signals to communicate with other ICs in the microelectronic system. To solve
the gate-oxide reliability issue without using additional thick
gate oxide process [1], the stacked-NMOS configuration has been
widely used in mixed-voltage I/O interfaces [1], [2]。 But, stackedNMOS often have much lower electrostatic discharge (ESD) level
and slower turn-on speed, as compared with single NMOS [3]。 In
this work, a novel ESD protection design with a high-voltage-tolerant power-rail ESD clamp circuit is designed to protect the
mixed-voltage I/O interfaces against ESD stresses in a 0.13µm
1.2V CMOS process.

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