• The first three columns are conversion tables for return loss, reflection coefficient, and SWR. • The last four columns are values for interactions of a small phasor X with a large phasor (unity reference) expressed in dB related to reference. The RF Measurement Chart can be used to determine the uncertainty due to bridge/autotester VNA directivity. The “X dB Below Reference” column represents the difference between the directivity and the measured reflection (return loss). The “ref + X dB” and “ref – X dB” values are the algebraic sum of the error signal and the measured reflected signal as their phase relationship varies over 360°. Therefore, the peak-to-peak ripple (1 ± X) is the total measurement uncertainty caused by the error signal. For example, if a 30 dB return loss is measured with a 40 dB directivity