改善电动汽车性能的电池平衡技术。第一部分:被动平衡技术
随着经济和环境因素严重地支持电动汽车(EV),当今电池技术的局限性仍然是他们广泛采用的最大的速度障碍。令人遗憾的是,这些能量存储系统所使用的化学过程与硅芯片所享受的相同的可伸缩性和微米级的制造公差是不一样的。例如,即使在最好的锂离子(李离子)电池中制造的变化也会导致电池电压和容量的差异,从而大大影响多电池堆的整体性能和使用寿命。正如我们不久将看到的,被动单元平衡技术可以增加5至10%的产品的范围或运行时间,并添加更多的充电周期,其使用寿命。在许多情况下,平衡电子可以添加到电池的现有管理电子学中,每个单元的成本仅为0.07美元。
细胞的差异
像雪花一样,没有两个锂离子电池是完全一样的。每个制造商都使用自己的“混合”阳极、阴极和电解质材料。作为一个结果,电池电压变化很大(通常为2.7 V - 4.25 V),用于在3.6 V的范围很多电动汽车和混合动力电动汽车磷酸锂。但即使是具有相同化学性质的电池,其容量、开路电压、充放电容量、自放电速率、阻抗和热特性也会发生一定程度的变化,从而影响电池的荷电状态(SOC)。
When assembled in a series configuration, these differences only allow the stack to be charged until the weakest cell is full, even if its neighbors would be happy to accept a deeper charge. Thanks to the highly-reactive nature of most Lithium-based chemistries, pushing any additional current into the stack can drive fully-charged cells into an overvoltage condition, causing heating damage and, in some cases, fire. While a cell’s charge must be controlled to within 10-50 mV to avoid setting it on the path to a fatal thermal runaway, 2-5 mV is considered the minimum resolution needed to prevent damage that will reduce its capacity and service life. The weakest cell also governs how much current the stack can deliver before it is depleted to a point where crystals called dendrites precipitate from the cell’s electrolyte, causing micro-shorts within its structure.
To make matters worse, the variations between cells widen as the battery ages, causing greater losses in capacity and service life (Figure 1)。
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