ACCURATE tracking at high speeds is required in many positioning systems, particularly in manufacturing applications. Research on discrete-time tracking controllers includes [3], [10]–[12], [14] which all combine feedback and feedforward controllers. The feedback controllers each include some form of disturbance compensation such as integral action, an extended state estimator, or a disturbance observer. In [11] a zero phase error tracking controller (ZPETC) based on approximate inversion of the closed-loop system is introduced for the feedforward compensator and this technique is used in [3], [9], [10], [12], and [14]。 Advances have not been limited to control theory. Development and commercialization of improved electromechanical components has progressed rapidly. Particularly noteworthy from a system design viewpoint are direct-drive motors. In Manuscript received July 7, 1997; revised June 22, 1998. Recommended by Associate Editor, R. Takahashi. This work was supported in part by NSF/CGP under Grant INT-9503951. C. J. Kempf is with Kensington Laboratories, Inc., Richmond, CA 94804 USA. S. Kobayashi is with NSK Ltd., Precision Machinery and Parts Technology Center, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan. Publisher Item Identifier S 1063-6536(99)06446-5.
comparison to traditional gear-reduced systems, the technical advantages of direct-drive systems are widely known among control engineers: friction is reduced, backlash is eliminated, and the mechanical stiffness is very high. The disadvantages, on the other hand, usually do not get as much attention: electrical dynamics tend to be slow and the system is more sensitive to disturbance forces and inertia variations. To fully exploit the potential advantages of direct-drive actuators, all of these factors should be explicitly accounted for in the controller design.
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